Professional Communication Techniques - 773 Words

. Professional Communication Techniques Erika Mohr ITT Technical Institute I define professional communication as the way people interact and communicate with each other using professional mannerisms. There are three settings in which we should apply professional communication and at different levels. Academically, we should use professional communication by listening and being respectful to our mentors. We should address our teachers in a polite manner and take them seriously so that we can gain the most out of our education and learning experiences. The second setting in which to use professional communication is at the workplace. At the workplace you are representing the company that you work for, you’re communicating with the†¦show more content†¦This would be helpful to me personally because I just feel lousy when people think I am uninterested in the conversations. There are many professional communication techniques that should be reflected in our every day lives. There are some that I need to practice more, while others I have down pat. However, all the different techniques are relevant in our academic, workplace and social settings and it would be beneficial to be able to utilize them in our favor. References Robinson, L., Segal, J., Ph. D, amp; Smith, M., M.A. (March 2016). Effective Communication. Retrieved April 07, 2016, from http://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships/effective-communication.htm Keltner, N. L., amp; Steele, D. (2015). Psychiatric Nursing. Retrieved April 08, 2016, fromShow MoreRelatedCommunication Techniques in a Professional Setting Media Project Outline1651 Words   |  7 PagesGrammarly Report generated on Mon, 27 Jul 2015 20:11 Grammarly DOCUMENT Page 1 of 9 ISSUES FOUND IN THIS TEXT 0 Contextual spelling 0 No errors Grammar 0 No errors Punctuation 0 No errors Sentence Structure 0 No errors Style 0 No errors Vocabulary enhancement 0 Checking disabled Grammarly Report generated on Mon, 27 Jul 2015 20:11 Grammarly NUR/405 Family Nursing Diagnoses Janet-Lee Matthie NUR/405 07/27/2015 BonnieRead MoreCommunication Is A Fundamental Component Of Clinical Competence1344 Words   |  6 PagesFirstly, what is communication? â€Å"Communication is the act or process of transmitting information (as about ideas, attitudes, emotions, or objective behaviour)† (Merrium-Webster,2015). Communication is a fundamental component of clinical competence. It is a core clinical skill and is essential to health care professionals in a clinical setting. Communication as a healthcare professional is the act of converting theory and evidence based practice into effective clinical practice. (silverman,Kurtz etRead MoreImportance Of Communication In Nursing854 Words   |  4 Pages1. Why is the study of communication an im ­portant part of nursing education? Oral communication in healthcare is a continuous process and is extremely important for all those involved. Nurses relay relevant information to patients and their family, they are also responsible for updating the physician about the condition of their patients as well as nurse to nurse reporting. 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Effectively using verbal andRead MoreEssay about Personal Challenges1053 Words   |  5 Pagesand Professional Challenges Nursing 391 August 07, 2012 Personal and Professional Challenges Matrix Worksheet Use the following matrix to describe three personal and three professional challenges. For each challenge, describe time and stress management techniques along with personal development resources that may help a nurse overcome these challenges. |Personal Challenge |Time Management Technique |Stress Management Technique Read MoreReflection on Video Vignette Pregnant Stroke1011 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay, I aim to elaborate on my knowledge and understanding of therapeutic communication prior to and after observing the video ‘Handover’ relating to ‘Pregnant stroke’; scenario-based videos. 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AlthoughRead MoreNrs 451 Assignment Presentation Organizational Culture1361 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the values of an organization and the values of the nurse impact nurse engagement and patient outcomes. Discuss how an individual can use effective communication techniques to overcome workplace challenges, encourage collaboration across groups, and promote effective problem solving. Identify a specific instance from your own professional experience in which the values of the organization and the values of the individual nurses did or did not align. Describe the impact this had on nurse engagementRead MorePersonal Experience Related By Registered Nurse Eleanor Geldard1540 Words   |  7 Pagesupon then to become, a confident, professional communicator so that in turn I can advocate for ethnical groups as a student nurse (Geldard, 2010). Although disagreements may arise from my advocation, by having conflict management strategies in place I will be able to address these issues in a professional manner. The three leadership challenges that I have identified throughout this reflection are, low confidence in myself, lack of professional communication techniques and limited ability to manage

Essay on The Importance of Pride In The Crucible by Arthur...

In Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† the pride of the people of Salem leads to a massacre of innocent lives. Pride is delight or elation arising from some act, possession, or relationship. One of the main characters, John Proctor, has pride in his beliefs of purifying the Church of England. His wife, Elizabeth, has pride in her ability to use the trials as an ultimate revenge against Abigail Williams. John Hale is the â€Å"expert† on witches his pride springs from his extensive knowledge, but later in the play he recants and loses all his respect. Hale is the chemical that cause the conflict to come into full swing between Elizabeth and John Proctor. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Elizabeth Proctor is first founds singing†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;John Procter is a strong man, who thrives at the chance to be right and known. But by the end of the play he questions himself saying, â€Å"Who is John Proctor, Who is John Proctor?† (act 4). The trials to John Proctor are a time of change. When Reverend Hale enters the town John leaves in disgust, he knows the girls are lying. John’s pride springs from his feeling of being smarter then the rest of the town. He was constantly found bickering with Reverend Parris about unnecessary expenses. He is worried to speak at the trials for he would condemn himself as a lecher. His wife has her finger on his button though because after the affair, she uses his guilt so he will promise to accuse Abigail. As soon as John steps into the trials he is labeled as a witch and condemned to death. But from his own pride is unable to confess. But at the same time he do es not want to die for such an absurd reason. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;John Hale represents the voice or authority and reasoning. He appears to be strong and assured himself that there was a whole world of witches around him at any given time. He believes in the churches power to be the ultimate law in the situation at hand. This is his source of pride. He sees himself as the person come to save the lives in the New World. As the case progresses though he starts to doubt himself and realizes that he had caused many deaths. His pride is swiftly destroyed and he asksShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1070 Words   |  5 PagesAugustin Eichwald Mrs. Hillsey English III-G 23 November 2014 Definition Essay: The Crucible Strange and peculiar happenings occur in The Crucible, a play by Arthur Miller. In this story of hypocrisy, guilt, and revenge, innocent people are accused of the bizarre crime of witchcraft. In Salem, Massachusetts, hysteria sets in among every person over fear of being accused of these shocking accusations. Each and every person experiences a severe test or trial in order to live to see another day. InRead MoreThe Common Man in a Millerian Tragedy: A Study of Miller’s Conventions in a Millerian Tragedy673 Words   |  3 Pageswere† ( Tragedy and the Common Man). Arthur Miller follows his Millerian conventions of tragedy in the writing of The Crucible. Often literature uses tragedy to display a depressing theme represented by the tragic hero. Miller uses the conventions of self-recognition and the common man to complete his tragedy in The Crucible. Miller defines recognition to be the â€Å"need of man to wholly realize himself is only fixed star† (Tragedy and the Common Man), clearly, miller believes a self-recognition to beRead MoreArthur Miller s The Crucible2214 Words   |  9 Pagesaccomplishments and life’s work. Arthur Miller s The Crucible is a play about justice and injustice, and how our justice system can be easily corrupted. The story revolves around a man named John Proctor, the tragic hero of this story. John Protector is a symbolic character created by Arthur Miller, because he faced the justice system head on. Proctor’s biggest flaw would be his great amounts of pride, which unfortunately led to his own death. In Arthur Millers’ The Crucible, he characterizes John ProctorRead MoreFree Essay Outline : The Crucible By Arthur Miller1678 Words   |  7 PagesCrucible Essay Outli ne A person chooses not to take good care of his/her car, and as a result, the car malfunctions, resulting in the person having an accident. Every single action that a person commits leads to either a positive or a negative consequence. The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a book filled with mistakes and the outcomes of those mistakes, and this piece of literature provides readers with an opportunity to analyze some causes and effects. Every character in the crucible created a situationRead MoreThe Voice Of Reason By Arthur Miller s The Crucible1379 Words   |  6 Pages The Voice of Reason Arthur Miller’s The Crucible emphasizes different human flaws and their dangerous impact on Salem in 1692. By analyzing the effects of arrogance, blind faith, and guilt, Miller creates the dynamic character Reverend Hale. As Hale struggles with overcoming his own flaws, he transforms from a zealous man focused on gaining respect into the voice of reason amidst the chaos and corruption ofRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Intentions By the standards of virtually any society, lying is an act that is almost certain to result in some form of contempt, hatred, or even ostracism. However, not all liars are regarded in the same way- there is an obvious difference of morality between a fraudulent politician and one lying to protect his own life. In his play The Crucible, Arthur Miller demonstrates the moral and societal differences between and consequences of different types of lies: A liar’s virtue isRead MoreThe Internal Conflicts in The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, is a play that takes place in the sixteen nineties during the famous but tragic witch trials. The entire community is in pandemonium yet certain characters are also fighting internal conflicts. Miller uses three characters that manifest this internal battle ever so clearly: Mary Warren whose whole world turns upside down, John Proctor who must weigh the importance of his family against his reputation and Reverend Hale who must decide whether to do hisRead MoreEssay on The Dramatic Intensity of The Crucible’s Courtroom Scene4462 Words   |  18 Pagesused, how the characters develop and how Arthur miller unfolds the plot to keep the reader interested and how emotion and feelings dictate the movements of the play. The Crucible is set against the backdrop of the mad hunts of the Salem witch trials in the late 17th century. It is about a town, after accusations from a few girls, which begins a mad hunt for witches that did not exist. Many towns’ people were hanged on charges for of witchcraft. Miller brings out the absurdity of the incidentRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll s House Essay2459 Words   |  10 PagesDeceit- the action or practice of deceiving someone by concealing or misrepresenting the truth Female deceit in The Crucible is presented in the character of Abigail Williams, a young woman who falls in love with the protagonist of the play, John Proctor. Upon realisation that she will not be able to win John with lust, she turns her motives to destroy his wife, Elizabeth. Abigail’s desire to acquire John is shown in her manipulation of the court and this leads to many unfair deaths by hanging andRead MoreSignificance Of A Name Of The Crucible By Arthur Miller1131 Words   |  5 PagesAlexian Lin Ball American Literature October 2, 2015 Importance Of A Name Everyone is given a name when they are born. Their name will become the most important part of their lives. With a name people can identify each other and can gain status and fame through name. Without a name nobody will know who is who or how to identify each other. Not only are names important to each individual s, every name has some sort of power with it. Names can also be soiled and be ruined with a bad reputation.

Galvanized Nail free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment was to find a sufficient price to charge for galvanizing nails. In order to do this the mass of zinc coating on a typical galvanized nail needs to be known. Two different methods were used to obtain these values. Gravimetric analysis was used by measuring the mass of the nail with the zinc coating and then subtracting the mass of the nail after the zinc was dissolved in acid. Gasometric analysis was used by measuring the total hydrogen yield of the reaction. Stoichiometry was then used to find a molar ratio between hydrogen and zinc. After calculating the moles of zinc, the mass can then be figured by multiplying by the molar mass of zinc. Experimental Procedure. First an apparatus needed to be set up to measure the hydrogen gas given off in the reaction of the zinc on the nail and the hydrochloric acid. A Erlenmeyer flask was used to hold the acid and nail which released the hydrogen into a rubber tubing that was fed into a 100 mL graduated cylinder full of water. We will write a custom essay sample on Galvanized Nail or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the hydrogen entered the upside down cylinder, it displaced the water, and the volume of gas was measured (gasometric analysis). The ideal gas law was then used, PV = nRT. Since the volume, temperature, gas constant (R), and pressure are known, the amount of moles of hydrogen can be figured and then converted to mass. The water vapor pressure also was subtracted from the measured pressure in the lab to obtain the correct pressure of hydrogen. The values obtained for the three nails using Gasometric analysis were 0. 0815, 0. 0846, and 0. 269 grams. After the stopping point of the zinc reaction, the nail was removed from the acid and weighed again. The initial mass of the nail minus the final mass of the nail equaled the mass of zinc: mi mf = mzinc (gravimetric analysis). The three gravimetric values obtained were 0. 114, 0. 088, 0. 117 grams. Results. NailsGravimetric AnalysisGasometric AnalysisPercent Difference 10. 114g0. 815g33. 25% 20. 088g0. 846g3. 94% 30. 117g0. 127g8. 12% A verage0. 1063g. 0977g8. 5% Overall Average of gravimetric and Gasometric = . 102 grams These values compared to the class had much less percent difference. Many of the other values varied widely, but the main group floated around . 08 to 1. 2 grams. The average percent difference was fairly low for this data and shows somewhat accurate measurements. Discussion. The data showed an overall average of about . 1 grams of zinc per nail. Compared to the average total mass of the three nails (2. 74 grams), we measured an average of 3. 7% zinc on each nail. When we calculated the price of production, and found that it would cost 4,080,000 dollars to galvanize 5 billion nails. The original problem stated that they were charging 500,000 dollars, which according to our calculations is an extreme underestimate. The company would be losing a lot of money. Our percent error was low for the most part, except for nail 1. This shows that the measurements must have been at least in the ball park of the correct amount of zinc. The classes percent differences varied greatly and most were higher than our. The high variance in class’s measurements shows the potential for a lot of human error. The same human error could be the cause of our high percent difference with nail number 1. Since it was the first experiment we were doing, we could have made several mistakes, either reading measurements or not filling the graduated cylinder completely. Also the stopping point of the zinc reaction with hydrochloric acid was very subjective. There was no way to be sure that all of the zinc had dissolved, or if iron had began to dissolve. This could cause skewed measurements of the mass of zinc. In conclusion our lab was successful in finding out the production cost of galvanizing 5 billion nails. There may however be some variance due to human error.

Translation Strategies

Abstract Considering translation has a strong effect on various audiences, several researchers have come out to explore the appropriate manner of translating audio-visual contents into subtitles.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Translation Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This study sums up the findings of such researchers, through a keen focus on the movie Bad boys two and comprehensively, it articulates that, for producers to write the best subtitles, they ought to ensure that the translation made has the same effect in the target culture as it does in the original source culture. The best translators factor cultural variations when translating audio contents of a movie into another language. The study further establishes that, the best translators are those who can easily expose the relevance of the initial message (through a second language) without creating any sort of misunderstanding. The concept of domestication therefore easily surfaces in this context because it is the best way translators can portray the same audio content into a second language without stirring any controversy. However, to successfully translate given audio pieces, it is important for translators to remain as natural as possible. This fact therefore means that there is a small line between what is right and appropriate. Introduction Subtitles are normally used to make television audiences who have a language comprehension or hearing problem to understand what is being said on televisions. Normally, a target audience in this context is children, adults, deaf people or people who cannot understand the language being spoken (Nida, 1982). With the upsurge of DVD productions, the use of subtitles in televisions programming and movies have significantly increased (Venuti, 1995). However, the development of subtitles for any movie or television series serves the purpose of a given cultural, religious or educational context and it may therefore be tricky for most television producers to serve the needs of these target audiences, considering the dynamism of such groups (in terms of religious and cultural identification) (Nida and De Waard, 1986).Advertising Looking for dissertation on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the translation of offensive language remains a tricky issue for most television producers because such language is sometimes considered profanity or inappropriate for certain cultures. Normally, such (offensive) language is used to express specific human emotions such as anger, amusement, surprise (and the likes) but its appropriateness relies on the culture of the target audience. Diaz-Cintas Remael (2007) reiterate that â€Å"taboo words are tied in with local traditions which are used differently by different linguistic communities, depending on the religious background of those com munities† (p. 196). To a great extent, swear words are unique to the cultural context of a given community because these words have various meanings when analyzed in various cultural contexts (Baker, 1998). Interestingly, such words can even sound more offensive for certain cultural groups than it was initially meant to be. The confusion in language translation can be explained from the translation of the English words â€Å"Fuck you† because if it is translated to Arabic, it would mean â€Å"Damn you† (Venuti, 1995). Normally, this is observed in most Arabic translations that include sexual terms because Islam greatly prohibits the use of sexual terms (Brockopp, 2003, p. 69). Regardless of the dynamics of translation, observers note that, the use of translation in movies play a crucial role in the understanding of such works because of concerns regarding the quality of audio-visual contents of some movie productions (De and Kay, 1999). Swear words also have a si gnificant impact on the character that uses it and in the same manner; characters also have a significant impact on the message of the film. This relationship shows that, the accuracy of translation to subtitles cannot be overemphasized (Fang, 2010, p. 35). It is therefore essential to use swear words for character representation. Due to this fact, some translators normally decide to render the swear words, but knowingly or unknowingly to them, rendering swear words may consequently distort the message of the film (Gambier, 1998). However, translators normally experience a challenge rendering spoken words into subtitles because it is almost impossible to render everything that is said into the subtitles (Dà ­az-Cintas and Remael, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Translation Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These facts abound, this study seeks to analyze how the subtitles to the movie Bad boys two can be translated into Arabic. Comprehensively, this study seeks to establish the translation style used to translate the subtitles of the movies to Arabic and the possible challenges that maybe experienced from the process. Methodology The research methodology will be focused on gathering relevant data from the Bad Boys two script, to gain a thorough understanding of the difficulties experienced when translating English swear words into Arabic. In this context, this study aims at shedding some light regarding if the foreignization or domestication strategy is used to translate English curse words to Arabic. In ascertaining this fact, questions such as, what impact would the foreignzation strategy have on an Arabic audience? And what impact would the domestication strategy have on Arabic audience? will be answered. The data chosen for this analytical piece is the script for an American popular drama film, Bad Boys two, released in 2003. The script will be comprehensively u sed to evaluate how it could be translated into Arabic so that appropriate translation strategies can be established. The complexities in the translation of the swear words will therefore be easily established through a thorough analysis of the script. In this manner, swear words used in the script will be used to portray the difficulty or complexity of translating the words into Arabic. However, only the first part of the script will be of use. The analysis will be done in qualitative and quantitative means so that the challenges experienced when translating English swear words into Arabic can be exposed. To gain a comprehensive picture of the translation process, a thorough discussion will be done to establish alternative ways of translating the English swear words into Arabic. Discussion Translating swear words can be a very difficult task. More so, the challenge is normally experienced when one is to translate words which do not exist in the context of another culture. For examp le, in the second page of the Bad Boys two script, the word â€Å"motherfuckers† is used to refer to a group of people.Advertising Looking for dissertation on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the context of the Arabic culture, such a word does not exist. In the same page, one of the characters uses the word â€Å"fuck† to refer to a poor status of radio transmission. Such a word does not also exist in the Arabic context. In fact, it can be very challenging to translate English words into Arabic, using appropriate reference materials such as dictionaries (because they only include words which are well established in the Arabic dialect) (Omar, 2009). Often, translating words into Arabic is more challenging than translating the same words into other languages, say, Spanish. This fact is true because the Arabic culture has a strong Islamic influence which prohibits the use of offensive language (Auroux, 2000, p. 333). In other words, Islam greatly limits the dynamism of Arabic culture because it does not include words and language dialects which are against its teachings. Interestingly, swear words fall into the category of highly inhibited words and therefore tran slators may find themselves in difficult situations where they have to translate specific cultural words which do not exist in the Arabic dialect in the first place. Sometimes, when such challenges are experienced, it is important for the translators to maintain the meaning of the English words and provides an alternative meaning behind it. This strategy is especially recommended when certain English words do not have their Arabic equivalent (Omar, 2009). For example in the second page of the Bad Boys two script, one character asks â€Å"The fuck I want to do that for?† Providing a meaning for this sentence in the Arabic context is difficult and therefore, a translator may be forced to find an alternative way to express it. In the same page, a character says â€Å"stop all the goddamned movement†. It would also be very difficult to translate the same statement in the Arabic context and therefore it is important to find an alternative meaning. The difficulty in translat ing swears words into Arabic are especially noted when focusing on the context of translation. In other words, it can be easy to translate the swear words into Arabic but doing so requires a keen focus on the context used to translate the words. For example in the second page of the bad boy’s two script, one character says â€Å"but this shit will get worked out in court†. In the following page, the same character says â€Å"He goes to bed early for this shit†. In the same page, another character says â€Å"I did not do shit!† In the three examples, the context in which the word â€Å"shit† is used changes to refer to an object and event and therefore translating the same curse word in different sentences to give different meanings may prove difficult. In the first page of the Bad Boys two script, the word â€Å"Fucking bitches† is used to represent a non-derogative context but the word â€Å"fucking bitch† would often be used to refe r to a sexual context. The same is not the case when analyzed in the context it was used in the first segment of the study. For instance, the word was used in an apologetic context because it was preceded by â€Å"sorry Johnny† in reference to the shooting of a gun. Comprehensively it was a response to the apologetic tone adopted by the previous speaker. This fact can be supported by the fact that, there was no sexual context being referred to by the speaker. Instead, the speaker was only referring to the character of the respondent. However in translating the contextual meaning of the word â€Å"fucking bitches† into Arabic may prove a difficult task for a translator because in conventional English speaking contexts the words would also be used to refer to a sexual context. In Arabic, the same would also be assumed but this is not the case. Also, in the first page of the script, one of the characters says â€Å" I cannot see shit† When the assertion is analyzed at face-value, many people would assume the character referred to â€Å"seeing shit† as an object, but in real sense, he was referring to the fact that, he could not see anything. In the same context, the character says, â€Å"take that shit†. In this context, the character refers to â€Å"shit† as an object (contrary to the previous examples). In the next sentence, the author says â€Å"I am out of here- shit†. From the use of the word â€Å"shit† in previous contexts, we can see that the word has been used to refer to different situations, but in the last example, the word has been used to refer to a situation. This means that, in three consecutive sentences, the word shit has been used as an object and a situation. Translating the same word to suit these contexts is therefore a difficult task. In such contexts, translators find themselves in a difficult position of maintaining the context of the swear words and still maintain a correct characte r representation. One of the strategies suggested to go about the situation is modifying the contextual meaning to correct a wrong contextual meaning (Omar, 2009). This translation is suggested because it is normally assumed that the translator has an ethical role in translation which must be upheld always. However, it is also established that, it is a wrong thing for translators to modify the context of source texts. In other words, translators should remain as faithful to the contextual meaning of the text. In such a case, it is important to understand the dilemma and look for other alternative areas of translation determination such as the availability of an alternative Arabic word which best conveys the meaning and context of the English swear words. If such words exist, it is best to include them in the translation but if they do not, it is also best to omit such words instead of changing their contextual meaning. For example, it would be difficult to translate the word â€Å" motherfucker†, which is used in the sentence, â€Å"just to wake up to pop one in a motherfucker† (found in the third page of the script). In such a scenario, it is best to omit such a word. The same omission can be applied in the sentence â€Å"Motherfucker shot me in the ass† (found in the third page of the script). According to the Western theory of translation, translators should often maintain the context of the source material as much as possible (Chan, 2004, p. 34). The theory also notes that the greater the context or metaphase that exists between English and language, the greater the ratio of metaphases to paraphrase that can be used in the entire context of translation. However, in as much as the theory notes that, translators should maintain the contextual meaning of the source material, the theory also notes that the role of the translators should not only be limited to a mechanical and passive role because the theory notes that, translators are like artists who also have a right to be as creative as they can be (Chan, 2004, p. 34). Nonetheless, it is also important to note that, translation is an unique art because it is not as simple as conventional art. Wiecha (2010) notes that in the art of translation, the translators should emphasize a lot on the frequency of swear words used because he notes that when too many swear words are used, it may be offensive to Arabic audiences and in such a case, he proposes that the translator should reduce the frequency of swear words used or even in some cases, polish these words, or formalize them in a way that captures the source meaning as much as possible. In the third page of the Bad Boys two script, one character says, â€Å"That shit is fucking annoying† and in the next sentence he says, â€Å"Like a fucking gnat at a barbecue†¦.just bugging the fuck out of me†. These sentences represent a series of swear words which can be highly offensive and difficult to translat e in the Arabic culture. It is in this context that translators are advised to reduce the frequency of such swear words. Moreover translators are advised that, when they come across many curse words, they should use their own discretion to reduce these words or alternatively mention that, there are several curse words used by the actors to represent a state of anger (Wiecha, 2010). Nonetheless, the problem noted with such a strategy is diffusing the intrigue of the film because to some people, the swear words used, represent the punch-line of the conversation. However, in the Arabic context, or even in the spirit of professionalism, it is important for the translator to consider the ethical and cultural implications of translation before intrigue. In the second page of the bad boy script, the use of the words â€Å"shit† is used more than two times (in sequence). A sentence later, the word â€Å"motherfucker† is used. This sequence in the use of swears words can someti mes be perceived as too much for Arabic audiences, especially those of the older generation. And when analyzed in the words of Nida (2003), it is important for the translator at this point to omit such words, or not represent their equivalents because of the frequency used. The main motivation for undertaking this approach is to show respect for the target audience’s language and culture. Translating the English swear words into Arabic is also not easy for translators at this point of analysis because Arabic is not consistent in dialect form. This means that, there are many Arabian dialects, accents, registers and styles which can often be confusing for the translator. Due to this reason, it is often recommended that, translators willing to translate words from English into Arabic need to adopt the domestication strategy to ensure they remain relevant to their Arabic audiences (because of their dynamism). Part of the reason the domestication strategy is recommended is because it is often common for translators to change the meaning of the swear words if they use the foreignization strategy (Fang, 2010, p. 35). Also in the domestication strategy, the translator is often invisible to the audience but in the foreignization strategy, the translator is visible to the audience. This is true because translators who adopt the foreignization strategy try to bring the audience to their side while translators who adopt the domestication strategy shift their points of view to the audience. In other words, proponents of the domestication strategy note that, it is important for translators to change the source material into the context of the target language. In the third page of Bad boys two script we see the importance of adopting the domestication strategy because in some instances, the use of curse words are used in the religious context which can be very offending to Arabic audiences. For instance, the words â€Å"spiritual bullshit† is used to refer to a spiritual sense of well being of one character but the speaker is not religious in any manner and therefore he refers to the spiritual reference as â€Å"bull shit†. This reference may be assumed to be derogative to religion but the situation may be worse when analyzed in the Arabic context because such swear words may be assumed to disregard Islam. Also, the assertion â€Å"son of a bitch† (found in the eighth page of the script) would be difficult to translate in Arabic and therefore, a domestication strategy would be appropriate. The same can be said of the statement â€Å"shit! I need backup† (found in the eight page of the script). The adoption of a domestication strategy therefore seems appropriate in such a context because it has been affirmed that in the Arabic context, domestication improves the understandability of the audience (Fang, 2010, p. 35). This fact was affirmed after several studies were done to gauge the use of the foreignization and domest ication strategies when English texts were translated into Arabic. It was affirmed that when foreignization strategy was adopted, the readers experienced a lot of difficulty trying to understand the meaning of the words used, but when the domestication strategy was used, the readers found the texts more understandable. Moreover, instances of misunderstandings were greatly reduced in the domestication strategy as opposed to the foreignization strategy (Fang, 2010, p. 35). However, it should also be noted that translating swear words into English is not only subject to contextual and comprehension problems because lexical and grammatical rule problems also surface as a result (Wahba, 2006, p. 366). In other words, it is often evidenced that, there are several grammatical constructs that are poorly understood when English swear words are translated into Arabic. In other words, when translating English swear words into Arabic, it is often not clear which grammatical rules to use, or whi ch words should be used to describe them. For instance translating the sentence â€Å"some fucking punk thinks he can die in my club† into Arabic poses some grammatical and lexical challenges in the same manner the sentence â€Å"I wonder whose shit they are about to rip now?† (found in the seventh page of the bad boys two script) poses. This fact is evidenced from the fact that, English and Arabic do not share any origins or rule for that matter. In other words, very little technical or scientific learning is normally evidenced in most literature excerpts have a rooting in Arabic. This is also the major reason why there is usually a shortage of equivalent words in Arabic from English translations. In such situations, it is recommended that, translators be extra creative to develop or custom English curse words into Arabic terms (Fang, 2010, p. 35). This is the same strategy noted when translating English technical words into Arabic because transliteration is often use d by researchers to explain Arabic equivalents of English words. However, this is part of the reason why it is very difficult to establish standards used in explaining English swear words into Arabic. The emphasis on translation cannot be overemphasized enough because it is observed that in the Arabic dialect, there are many ways to express a message. This is true because Arabic dialects are highly expressive and therefore determining the locale of the target audience goes a long way in determining the best way to translate words from English to Arabic. Also, it is established that machine translations do not often work in the Arabic context because their meanings may be misunderstood in the various Arabic dialects. For instance if the sentence â€Å" do not understand what the fuck you mean (found in the fourth page of the script) were to be translated in a machine-like way, the meaning would be lost because â€Å"fuck† would imply something sexual but this is not the case. In the same page of the script, the sentence â€Å"†¦that is some cult shit† is also found and translating the same sentence in a machine-like manner would imply the inclusion of human waste into the analysis which is not the case. This situation is further compounded by the fact that, there are very few experts in Arabic language who can give a proper insight into the best way to translate English swear words into Arabic. These dynamics are very important in determining the best way to translate English curse words into Arabic because it is affirmed that having the correct knowledge about a target language goes a long way in enabling translators know the best way to translate English curse words into Arabic. Conclusion Translating English curse words into Arabic is marred by a lot of linguistic grammatical and cultural barriers. The grammatical barriers are evidenced because of the exclusion of Arabic in the formulation of technical, scientific or curse words. This fac t creates a big problem for translators because many fail to find the best equivalent of the English swear words in Arabic. The cultural barriers are especially evidenced because of the strictness and influence of religion in the Arabic dialect. This is the basis why translators have to be very keen on translating curse words into Arabic so that they do not offend the target audience. Comprehensively, this study establishes that, the problems encountered when translating English curse words into Arabic can fall into four broad categories as explained below: Problems Action Contextual Omit and find alternative words Grammatical and lexical Reconstruct sentence Lack of alternative meaning Find closest meaning Comprehension Find closest meaning or omit The linguistic hurdles come from the probability of wrongly understanding the context of the curse words in their Arabic form. Due to these facts, a domestication strategy seems the most appropriate way of going about trans lating English curse words into Arabic. References Auroux, S. (2000). History of the Language Sciences: An International Handbook On  The Evolution of the Study of Language from the Beginnings to the Present, Volume 2. New York: Walter de Gruyter. Baker, M. (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge. Brockopp, J. (2003). 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One Language to another: Functional  equivalence in Bible Translating, Nashville: Thomas Nelson. Nida, E. (2003). The Theory and Practice of Translation. New York: Brill. Omar, H. (2009).The Sustainability of the Translation Field. New York: ITNM. Venuti, L. (1995). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge. Wahba, K. (2006). Handbook for Arabic Language Teaching Professionals in The 21st  Century. London: Routledge. Wiecha, K. (2010). Swearing and Dialect: On the Example of British English Dialects. New York: GRIN Verlag. This dissertation on Translation Strategies was written and submitted by user Eva Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.